Anarchy and the Climate change - systemic concerns
In mainstream
theories of international relations, ‘anarchy problématique’ has been a key
theoretical concern. They view anarchy to be the fundamental feature of the
international system & have been primarily attempting to deal with the
issues that arise due to it. A state of anarchy is the absence of sovereign
authority at the international level.
Anarchy has been
differently understood by different conventional theories. Realists have a very
pessimistic view of anarchy and feel anarchy pushes the state towards self-help
& self-survival. They believe anarchy induces ‘tragedy of power politics’
in the international system where states face prisoners & security
dilemmas. Rationally, each state pursues self-interest & tries to
accumulate more & more power.
Security issues
where the referent object isn’t sovereignty or territorial integrity are
side-lined. That’s why climate change isn’t a security concern for realists.
Though climate change is a systemic issue & requires global effort,
coordination & cooperation to tackle the challenges posed by it. The
realist would say that presence of anarchy makes it difficult to mitigate &
adapt to climate change since in absence of a supervening authority states
avoid cooperation & pursue self-interest.
Liberal scholars
agree that anarchy is the major feature of the international system, however,
they believe anarchy can be ameliorated through interdependence created by
international trade & international institutions/regimes that check the
actions of states, help nation-states forge cooperation & solve collective
action problems. Its unit of analysis is a free-standing individual who is
rational & tries to maximize their gains. Transposing it to the level of
the state they feel the state cooperates with other states & international
institutions to seek mutual benefit. They view climate change as collective
action problem which can be tackled via various institutions, treaties &
other NSAs like- Non-governmental organizations, activists & so on.
Domestic liberalism
theory views the state as a ‘transmission belt’ which mediates between the
interests of domestic society & international society. It helps understand
the crucial role of non-governmental & civil society organizations of a
state who interact with international organizations to deal with the issues of
climate change. It views them as key actors of global governance who shape
state’s preference in the I. Os by persuading & pressurizing them. The
state is the primary actor but isn’t the only actor in liberalism. Liberalism
doesn’t view anarchy as always causing conflict. It feels through scientific
reasoning & actions we can have a good life. A healthy planet will be
constitutive of the good life to liberal scholars. For them, weak institutional
response to climate change is not only because of anarchy but lobbying by the
big industrial house in the West who gain from the use & sale of coal.
West exercises its
power in institutions to set agenda suiting its interests. Climate change will be
an issue only when it also has an impact on the west. Realists claim that even
though climate change poses threat to our planet as a whole but it doesn’t
concern the West enough because the West is relatively less threatened than the
poor small island nation-states (relativity of security) and it also relatively
has higher power, resources, technology & capability to deal with it. Even
though it’s a systemic issue realist will see it in terms of the relativity of security.
For realists due to anarchy, there’s a fragmented response to tackling climate
change. However, too much focus on sovereignty & self-interest (because of
anarchy) by realists creates hurdles in dealing with climate change. In realism
sovereignty only has an external dimension (autonomy in decision making
regarding foreign affairs). It has no view on internal sovereignty, which is
legitimacy & support from the domestic population. It doesn’t concern
itself with individuals & communities.
Constructivists
would focus on this conflictual aspect of two identities between the developed
& developing world to define anarchy. For them, in absence of a sovereign
authority at the international level, the developed & developing world
because of different identities have tense relationships which can be seen in
their interaction in the multilateral organization & also in the negotiation
of the climate deals. The idea of common but differentiated responsibility
draws on the notion of conflictual historical interaction between the two
entities build over a long time.
Unlike positivist
approaches, critical approaches move away from the problem of anarchy and
rather focus on the power relations & hierarchies that exist in the
international system. SAE approach, Feminist and post-colonial approaches are
major critical approaches that look at global hierarchies instead of anarchy.
Their referent object is embedded individuals within various hierarchies in the
international system. They will analyse the issue of climate change concerning
these hierarchies to focus on the most vulnerable section of the society which
is at the receiving end of it.
Citations-
Keohane, Robert. 1998. “International Institutions: Can
Interdependence Work?” Foreign Policy 110: 82–96.
Moravcsik, Andrew. 1997. “Taking
Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics.”
International Organization 51 (4): 513–53. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081897550447.
COZETTE, MURIELLE. 2008. ‘Reclaiming the
Critical Dimension of Realism: Hans J. Morgenthau on the Ethics of
Scholarship’. Review of International Studies 34 (1): 5–27.
Ikenberry, G. John. 2018. “The End of
Liberal International Order?” International Affairs 94 (1):
7–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iix241.
Mitzen,
Jennifer. 2006. “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the
Security Dilemma.” European Journal of International Relations 12 (3): 341–70.https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066106067346.
Hopf, Ted. 1998. ‘The Promise of
Constructivism in International Relations Theory’. International
Security 23 (1): 171. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539267
United
Nations Environment Programme (2021). Making Peace with Nature: A scientific
blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies.
Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/making-peace-nature
IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers.
In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C.
Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K.
Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi,
R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press
Hi Kavita! I really enjoyed reading your article that coherently uses the Anarchy problematique theorized by Realism, Liberalism and Constructivism to explain the existential threat that looms large over the systemic order i.e. climate change.
ReplyDeleteThe structure of the blog was particularly interesting to me as you had interwoven the realists’ and liberalists' argument on climate change that made it easier for the reader to analyze and then substantiated on the Constructivists'. I especially liked your mention of the post positivist approaches that also exist in academia in the end that made the essay a comprehensive one having more of a birds eye view of the issue rather than restricting itself to the mainstream approaches. I had a few question for you though.
While climate change is a reality in our biosphere, it has restricted a lot of Western countries in passing arbitrary legislation, due to either backlash from the people themselves; indigenous people along with advocates or by the international community. While the Global South is still held at gunpoint by the West when it comes to climate action, there is a significant change in policies and effects by lobby groups for environment friendly legislation in the West that is essentially limiting the West's ability to autonomously take decisions on the environment. Not to mention the international pressure put on countries by bodies like the IPCC and NSA themselves. Thus I would like to know how realists grapple with this reality of the “western” or “developed” state sovereignty being essentially eroded and challenged by the climate crisis , when they don’t recognize it to begin with, and only do when "developed" countries are involved.
Secondly, the constructivists’ analysis of the climate crisis is one that is quite intriguing because of how interwoven climate change, class, caste and identities are. However, I would love it if you could substantiate an example, one that is most meaningful or impactful to you, preferably from the Global South for the same for me to help analyze the climate debate better.